题目内容：
根据下面资料，回答题 A．No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities．
You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor infour． But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years．
Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees．
B．His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on．
These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English． However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon ofideas that every educated person should posses． But most find it difficult to agree on what a "general education" should look like． At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, "the great books areread because they have been read"--they form a sort of social glue．
C．Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they enteredgraduate school． There are simply too few posts． This is partly because universities continueto produce ever more PhDs． But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: Englishdepartments awarded more bachelor' s degrees in 1970 ~ 1971 than they did 20 years later．
Fewer students requires fewer teachers． So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the ．profession to do something for which they have not beentrained．
D．One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal arts educations and professional educationshould be kept separate, taught in different schools． Many students experience both varieties．
Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on aprofessional qualification．
E．Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor． The growth in public money for academic research has speededthe process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teachinghours fell by half as research took its toll． Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one． But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues
Mr Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable． " So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the productionof knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge．
F．The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced． " Otherwise, academics will continue to thinkangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate andcriticize． "Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionaryand more holistic． " Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say．
G．The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in theAmerican University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoraldegree． They may then decide to go elsewhere． For something curious has been happening inAmerican Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully．
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