题目内容：
根据下面资料，回答题 "Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, notany more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be nomore than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach thepast: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today,
we want empathy, not inspiration.
From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplarylives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus--On Famous Men, highlighting the virtues ( or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness
in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, ratherthan virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading paintersand authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than publicglory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthylives of engineers, industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power
of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation oftruly noble and manly character, exhibit," wrote Smiles, "what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. "His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were heldup as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroiclives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures representedlives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.
Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. "The history of all hitherto existing society is thehistory of class struggles," wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history didnothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:" It is man, real, living man who does allthat. " And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed
to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epochstood. For:" Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do notmake it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, givenand transmitted from the past. "
This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stoodalongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding--from gender to race to cultural studies--were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
41. Petrarch
42. Niccolo Machiavelli
43. Samuel Smiles
44. Thomas Carlyle
45. Marx and Engels
A.emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
B.highighted the publie glory of leading artists.
C.focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
D.opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
E.held that history should be the story of the masses and their record ofstruggle.
F.dismissed virtueasunnecessary for successful leaders.
G.depicted the worthy lives of engineers，inutrialists and explorers.
第（41）题选
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