题目内容：
根据以下材料，回答题InhislecturesattheLyceum,aschoolthatremainedforcenturiesoneofthegreatcentersoflearninginGreece,Aristotledefinedthebasicconceptsand.principlesofmanyofthesciences.
61)Inthefirstplace,AristotlecriticizedPlato'stheoryofFormsbyarguingthatformscouldnotexistbythemselvesbutexistedonlyinparticularthings,whicharecomposedofbothformandmatter.
Heunderstoodsubstancesasmatterorganizedbyaparticularform.
Nature,forAristotle,isanorganicsystemofthingswhoseformsmakeitpossibletoarrangethemintoclassescomprisingspeciesandgenera.Eachspecies,hebelieved,hasaform,purpose,andmode
ofdevelopmentintermsofwhichitcanbedefined.62)Theaimofscienceistodefinetheessentialforms,purposes,andmodesofdevelopmentofallspeciesandtoarrangethemintheirnatural
orderinaccordancewiththeircomplexitiesofform.Themainlevelsaretheinanimate,thevegetative,theanimal,andtherational.63)Thesoulistheformofthebody,andhumans,whoserationalsoulisahigherformthanthesoulsofotherspeciesonearth,arethehighestspeciesofperishablethings.Theheavenlybodies,composedofanimperishablesubstance,orether,andmovedeternallyinperfectcircularmotionbyGod,arestillhigherintheorderofnature.
Aristotle'spoliticalandethicalphilosophysimilarlydevelopedoutofacriticalexaminationofPlato'sprinciples.64)Thestandardsofpersonalandsocialbehavior,accordingtoAristotle,mustbefound
inthescientificstudyofthenaturaltendenciesofindividualsandsocietiesratherthaninabstractrealmofpureforms.LessinsistentthereforethanPlatoonarigorousconformitytoabsoluteprinciples,
Aristotleregardedethicalrulesaspracticalguidestoahappyandwell-roundedlife.Hisemphasisonhappiness,astheactivefulfillmentofnaturalcapacities,expressedtheattitudetowardlifeheldbycultivatedGreeksofhistime.Inpoliticaltheory,Aristotleagreedwith
Platothatamon-archyruledbyawisekingwouldbetheidealpoliticalstructure,buthealsorecognizedthatsocie-tiesdifferintheirneedsandtraditionsandbelievedthatalimiteddemocracyisusuallythebestcom-promise.65)Inhistheoryofknowledge,Aristotl.erejectedthePlatonicdoctrinethatknowledgeisinnateandinsistedthatitcanbeacquiredonlybygeneralizationfromexperience.Heinterpreted
artasameansofpleasureandintellectualenlightenmentratherthananinstrumentofmoraleducation.
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